Primary Sources
Text of the act
https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1862Californiaanticoolieact.pdf Context behind the act https://immigrationhistory.org/item/act-to-prohibit-the-coolie-trade-2/ A California Businessman Contracts for Chinese Immigrant Labor This labor contract between a Chinese worker, "Affon," and California businessman Jacob P. Leese, was made in Hong Kong on July 28, 1849, and witnessed by A. Shue, C. H. Brinley, and Henry Anthon, Jr., acting U.S. Vice Consul in Hong Kong. The discovery of gold in California in 1848 drew miners from around the world and filling other kinds of jobs became difficult in the midst of gold fever. On this same day in Hong Kong, Leese also made contracts with "Awye," a tailor, and "Atu," a "coolie," or laborer. As compensation for his services as a cook, Affon would receive a wage of $15.00 per month, as well as lodging, provisions, and food https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/789 |
Secondary Sources
Remembering the Chinese Plantation Workers in Hawaii
https://www.khon2.com/remembering-hawaii/remembering-the-chinese-plantation-workers-hawaiis-first-foreign-contract-laborers/
Hawaii: Life in a Plantation Society- Transformed by immigrants from Japan
https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/japanese/hawaii-life-in-a-plantation-society/
https://www.khon2.com/remembering-hawaii/remembering-the-chinese-plantation-workers-hawaiis-first-foreign-contract-laborers/
Hawaii: Life in a Plantation Society- Transformed by immigrants from Japan
https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/japanese/hawaii-life-in-a-plantation-society/
A History Of Indentured Labor Gives 'Coolie' Its Sting
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/11/25/247166284/a-history-of-indentured-labor-gives-coolie-its-sting
Book: Jung, Moon-Ho. Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Print.
https://history.washington.edu/research/books/coolies-and-cane-race-labor-and-sugar-age-emancipation
Making sugar, making ‘coolies’: Chinese laborers toiled alongside Black workers on 19th-century Louisiana plantations
This article quotes historical sources using terms now considered racist to describe Black and Asian workers.
https://theconversation.com/making-sugar-making-coolies-chinese-laborers-toiled-alongside-black-workers-on-19th-century-louisiana-plantations-173831
The Voyage of the “Coolie” Ship Kate Hooper, October 3, 1857–March 26, 1858
https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/summer/coolie-ship-kate-hooper-1.html
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/11/25/247166284/a-history-of-indentured-labor-gives-coolie-its-sting
Book: Jung, Moon-Ho. Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Print.
https://history.washington.edu/research/books/coolies-and-cane-race-labor-and-sugar-age-emancipation
Making sugar, making ‘coolies’: Chinese laborers toiled alongside Black workers on 19th-century Louisiana plantations
This article quotes historical sources using terms now considered racist to describe Black and Asian workers.
https://theconversation.com/making-sugar-making-coolies-chinese-laborers-toiled-alongside-black-workers-on-19th-century-louisiana-plantations-173831
The Voyage of the “Coolie” Ship Kate Hooper, October 3, 1857–March 26, 1858
https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/summer/coolie-ship-kate-hooper-1.html